Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
The major carbohydrates present in our diet is glycogen, starch, sucrose, lactose, maltose, fructose, and pentoses. Except for monosaccharides, all other carbohydrates need digestion before absorption. Carbohydrates digestion mainly takes place in the mouth and small intestine. Digestion in Mouth Digestion of carbohydrates begins at the mouth, where they come in contact with saliva….
Iron
Sources and RDA Factors affecting iron absorption Mechanism of iron absorption
Enzymes definition and classification
Enzymes are biomolecules, and they speed up the rate of chemical reactions both in vivo and in vitro.
Bilirubin metabolism and Jaundice
Bilirubin synthesis Bilirubin is a yellow or orange colored pigment derived from heme. After about 120 days RBCs undergo hemolysis to give hemoglobin. This hemoglobin is converted to heme and globin. Heme undergoes further degradation by heme oxygenase to give green colored pigment biliverdin and iron in the form of ferric ion. This particular…
Arterial blood gas analysis: Interpretation
ABG analysis interpretation: Introduction ABG analysis stands for arterial blood gas analysis. This particular investigation is one of the very important life-saving investigations requires arterial blood. ABG test usually measures pH, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate. But nowadays with modern ABG analyzer besides above parameters can also measure many…
Acid-base disorders
Introduction Normal pH is of blood is in the range of 7.35 to 7.45. On an average pH of 7.4 for arterial blood and venous blood, pH is slightly less when compared to arterial blood. If pH is less than this range then we call that status as acidosis and if more than the…
Amino acids
Introduction Proteins are the most abundant molecules in living systems. Each and every life process depends on proteins. E.g:- digestion, absorption, and metabolism, etc. All proteins are linear polymers of AMINO ACIDS that are linked together by covalent PEPTIDE BONDS. Even though there are many amino acids found in nature, only 20 amino acids…
RNA Structure
RNA means ribonucleic acids are polymers of ribonucleotides. Unlike DNA, RNA contains single strand and ribonucleotides are joined by 3’, 5’-phosphodiester bonds. Major bases present in RNA are adenine [A], guanine[G], cytosine [C] and uracil [U]. There can be the presence of unusual or modified bases or ribonucleotides like ribothymidine [T], dihydrouridine [D] and…
DNA structure
DNA means deoxyribonucleic acids or polymers of deoxyribonucleotides. In humans, DNA is present in nucleus besides a small amount (less than 0.1%) of DNA also present inside the mitochondria. Discovery of fact that DNA contains genetic information way back in 1944 was a major breakthrough in the field of genetics. Sugar present in DNA…